As 2024 begins, you may make New Year’s resolutions in an effort to improve your life going forward.

Two popular resolutions — to lose weight and to exercise more — may have greater health significance than you realize.

Being overweight is linked to a higher chance of developing at least 13 types of cancer, according to a recent Clinical Practice Statement by the Obesity Medicine Association (OMA).

Risk factors for colon and rectal cancer include being overweight or living with obesity, eating a high-fat diet and living a sedentary lifestyle.

Losing weight and increasing physical activity may help lower your risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC).

Obesity Is Linked to Colon Cancer

“Obesity is second only to cigarette smoking as the most common preventable cause of cancer,” the OMA reports. “For nonsmokers, obesity is considered the single most common preventable cause of cancer, especially when accompanied by unhealthful nutrition and physical inactivity.”

The OMA reports an increase in body weight may be contributing to a rise in cancer among young adults. One in 260 people will get colon cancer before they turn 50, according to the Colorectal Cancer Alliance. This is called early-onset or young-onset CRC.

By 2030, about 10.9 percent of all colon cancers and 22.9 percent of all rectal cancers are expected to affect patients younger than 50.

Maintain or Achieve a Healthy Weight

Healthcare providers use Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference as screening tools to assess a person’s weight status and its potential impact on disease risk.

“Maintaining a healthy weight has a preventive role. Intentional weight loss of more than 5 percent of body weight has been associated with a lower risk for obesity-related cancers,” writes Monu Khanna, MD, in Healio.

Dr. Khanna emphasized it is important for people to know about obesity as a cancer risk factor.

“Although cancer has many risk factors, managing one’s weight effectively is an essential step in keeping that risk minimal,” Dr. Khanna wrote in Healio.

By making healthy lifestyle choices, like eating healthy foods and exercising, you can achieve a healthy weight.

“Eating a diet centered around “real foods,” including protein and lots of fiber from non-starchy vegetables, eliminating ultra processed foods, avoiding sugary drinks and managing stress and sleep, are all important,” Dr. Khanna wrote in Healio.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends a minimum of 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise each week to maintain your weight. To lose weight, you may need to exercise more and eat fewer calories. Consult your doctor before starting any weight loss or exercise programs. The CDC recommends the following:

Moderate exercises

• Walking briskly (a 15-minute mile)
• Light yard work (raking/bagging leaves or using a lawn mower)
• Light snow shoveling
• Actively playing with children
• Biking at a casual pace

Vigorous exercises

• Jogging/running
• Swimming laps
• Rollerblading/inline skating at a brisk pace
• Cross-country skiing
• Most competitive sports (football, basketball or soccer)
• Jumping rope

“Being physically active can improve your brain health, reduce the risk of disease, strengthen bones and muscles, and improve your ability to do everyday activities,” according to the CDC.

45? Get Screened for Colon Cancer

More than any diet or exercise regimen, screening for colorectal cancer offers the best prevention against the disease. Screenings save thousands of lives every year.

For people at average risk for colon cancer, healthcare agencies recommend starting screenings at 45, even if you don’t have symptoms. If you have a family history of CRC, you may need to be screened earlier. And if you have digestive symptoms, you should see your doctor regardless of your age.

Delaying or avoiding cancer screenings may be detrimental to your health.

Colonoscopy Is a Key Preventive Measure for CRC

Colorectal cancer almost always begins with a polyp, a small cluster of cells on the lining of the large intestine (colon) or rectum.

Although there are several screening options, colonoscopy is the most thorough. The procedure helps doctors see the whole colon to check for cancerous polyps or ones that could turn into cancer.

Your doctor can often remove small precancerous polyps during your colonoscopy so they will not develop into cancer.

Anyone with digestive system issues like inflammatory bowel disease should be considered for colonoscopy screening regardless of age.

Most insurance plans provide coverage for a screening colonoscopy for patients 45 and older. Call your health insurance company to confirm your coverage.

Colorectal cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer death in the United States. According to the American Cancer Society, beginning screenings at 45 may potentially prevent 60 percent of deaths caused by colon cancer.

If you are 45 or older, regardless of your weight, you should make a resolution to get healthy and discuss scheduling a colon cancer screening with your doctor.

Homemade pies, cakes and other sweet treats abound during the Yuletide season. For your health and waistline, you may want to consider limiting servings or even skipping dessert.

Many foods and beverages contain sweeteners, so it’s important to know about the ingredients. The USDA recommends consuming only 200 calories from added sugars (about 12 teaspoons) in a 2,000-calorie diet.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention lists added sugars as sucrose, dextrose, table sugar, syrups, honey, and sugars from concentrated fruit or vegetable juices.

A new study by the University of Pittsburgh scientists shows eating too much sugar also may aggravate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) symptoms and affect the colon.

“Too much sugar isn’t good for a variety of reasons, and our study adds to that evidence by showing how sugar may be harmful to the gut,” said senior author Timothy Hand, Ph.D., in Medical Xpress. “For patients with IBD, high-density sugar–found in things like soda and candy–might be something to stay away from.”

Hand is an associate professor of pediatrics and immunology at Pitt’s School of Medicine and UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh.

What Is Inflammatory Bowel Disease?

The CDC states that IBD is a term for two conditions: Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Both conditions are “characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Prolonged inflammation results in damage to the GI tract.”

Although the exact cause of IBD is unknown, it is the result of a weakened immune system, according to the CDC.

Too Much Sugar Harms the Colon

Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology published the University of Pittsburgh’s 14-day study.

The research, led by Ansen Burr, Ph.D., studied the effects of sugar on inflammatory bowel disease. Burr is a student in Pitt’s Medical Scientist Training Program.

In the study, researchers fed mice either a standard or high-sugar diet. Then, they treated the mice with DSS, a chemical that damages the colon and produces IBD symptoms.

Nine days later, all the mice on the high-sugar diet died. By comparison, all the animals on the standard diet survived until the end of the experiment.

Findings showed a high-sugar diet impairs cell renewal in the colon and exacerbates gut damage in IBD.

“Our research suggests that consuming high levels of sugar could have negative outcomes for repairing the colon in patients with inflammatory bowel disease,” Hand said.

IBD and Colon Cancer Similarities

IBD and colon cancer can share similar symptoms, so it is important to establish an accurate diagnosis. Consult your healthcare provider if you experience any of these symptoms:

• A change in bowel habits
• Abdominal pain
• Rectal bleeding
• Weight loss
• Fatigue

To accurately determine your condition, a colon cancer screening may be recommended. Colonoscopy is the gold standard for CRC screenings. This screening allows a doctor to view the entire large intestine, as well as find and remove polyps that could be cancerous.

People with IBD have a higher risk of colorectal cancer than the general population, according to the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation. Patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis should schedule a colonoscopy at doctor-recommended intervals.

Get Screened at 45+

Colorectal cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer death in the United States for both men and women. Everyone is at risk for this disease, regardless of age.

For people at average risk for colorectal cancer, healthcare agencies recommend starting screenings at age 45. Individuals should be screened even if they don’t have symptoms.

You may need to get screened before age 45 or more frequently if you have IBD, a family history of colorectal cancer or polyps (growths inside the colon and rectum) that may become cancerous.

Get a Colon Cancer Screening

Your quality of life may improve if you restrict consuming sugary foods and drinks and get screened for colorectal cancer.

The 12^th annual Crohn’s and Colitis Awareness Week is Dec. 1-7. Improving your nutrition by reducing sugar may lessen IBD symptoms and help prevent other harmful medical conditions, like obesity.

When detected early, before the disease has spread to other organs, colorectal cancer is highly treatable. In 2020, the CDC said about 68 percent of colorectal cancer deaths could be avoided if everyone eligible got screened.

Coverage of colonoscopy differs with health insurance policies. In most cases, there should be no out-of-pocket costs (such as copays or deductibles) for CRC screening tests.

You should contact your health insurance provider to verify any charges and to approve a colonoscopy before age 45.

If you are 45+, don’t delay your diagnosis. Discuss with your healthcare provider about scheduling your colonoscopy.

One of the risk factors for colorectal cancer is having a family history of the disease.

According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), around 33 percent of individuals with colorectal cancer (CRC) have relatives who have also been diagnosed with the disease.

A “family history” means a first-degree relative (mother, father, sister or brother) had colon cancer or precancerous polyps.

If you don’t know much about your family’s medical background, consider talking with your relatives about their colorectal health during Thanksgiving. Nov. 23 is National Family Health History Day.

“Nobody has to share their personal health information if they don’t want to, but I encourage patients to ask different family members and explain how this information can be helpful in being more informed about their health and making health decisions,” said Saundra Nguyen, MD, in Medical XPress. “Talking to first-degree relatives like parents and siblings can be a good starting point.”

Second-degree relatives may also have an increased risk for CRC. You should also consider talking to them about their medical history. Aunts, uncles, grandparents, grandchildren, nieces and nephews are considered second-degree relatives.

Collecting Your Family Medical History

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends compiling a list of questions to collect your family’s medical history. When you talk with your relatives, write their answers down on this Family Health Tree.

Here are a few questions to ask relatives about their colorectal health:

Have you been diagnosed with colorectal cancer or have polyps been discovered during a colonoscopy?

Colorectal cancer is cancer of the colon or rectum. Most cases of CRC begin as small clumps of cells called colon polyps. Polyps start out as benign but can become cancerous if not identified and removed during a colonoscopy.

How old were you or a family member (exact or approximate age) when you were diagnosed or when polyps were found?

Everyone is at risk for this disease, regardless of age. In the United States, around 10 percent of people diagnosed with colorectal cancer annually are younger than 50.

If your relative was diagnosed before turning 50, you have a higher risk for CRC. This is called early-age-onset or young-onset cancer. Young adults tend to have more aggressive tumors that may be challenging to treat.

What is the origin of your family?

Your racial and ethnic background can be a factor in your risk for a colorectal cancer diagnosis.

According to the ACS, American Indian and Alaska Native individuals have the highest colorectal cancer rates in the United States, followed by African American males and females.

The ACS reports individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish background face a significantly elevated risk of colorectal cancer compared to other ethnic groups worldwide.

Once you collect your family medical history, share that information with your healthcare provider. Request that this data be included in your medical records. The documents need the names and ages of relatives who have had colon cancer and/or polyps.

Schedule Your Colonoscopy Screening

Colorectal cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer death in the United States. An estimated 153,020 new cases of colon cancer will be diagnosed this year, and 52,550 Americans are expected to die from the disease.

The good news is colorectal cancer is preventable and highly treatable when detected early through timely screenings.

The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends that people at average risk start screening for colorectal cancer at age 45. If you have digestive system complaints, talk to your doctor, regardless of your age.

Not everyone has symptoms, but common warning signs of CRC may include the following:

• Abdominal pain
• Blood in the stool
• Change in bowel habits

“Someone with a strong family history of colon cancer may be recommended for a colonoscopy earlier than the general population …,” said Dr. Nguyen in Medical XPress. “We can also identify early warning signs of disease and work on preventive lifestyle measures.”

Individuals who have a genetic disposition for colorectal cancer, a family history of precancerous polyps, or certain hereditary cancer conditions may be advised to undergo …

• a colonoscopy starting at age 40, or 10 years before the age that the immediate family member was diagnosed with cancer;
• more frequent screening;
• colonoscopy only instead of other tests; and
• in some cases, genetic counseling.

During a colonoscopy, a gastroenterologist examines the entire length of your colon for polyps or abnormalities. Doctors can detect and remove precancerous polyps in the same procedure.

Coverage of colonoscopy differs with health insurance policies. In most cases, there should be no out-of-pocket costs (such as copays or deductibles) for CRC screening tests. You should contact your health insurance provider to verify any charges and to approve a colonoscopy before 45.

Learning about your family’s colorectal health is important for your health. On National Family Health History Day, or anytime, talk to your relatives about their medical history and write it down. Then, discuss with your healthcare provider about scheduling your colonoscopy.